A few weeks ago I finished in a non-fiction book by the Jewish-American author and journalist Milton Meyer, called They Thought They Were Free: The Germans 1933-1945. It’s basically about interviewing some acquaintances he made in Germany on a trip in the 30s, where he intended to interview Hitler. But after being denied to interview Hitler during his initial visit, he thought it would be more insightful to return in the 50s to interview everyday people, or, commonplace Nazis. These men from a small town he calls “my Nazis friends” and spends the majority of the book basically asking “what was it like to become a Nazi? How did it happen? How could you let it happen?” And it’s a really dour outlook on what happens when people become ingratiated to a system of violence and oppression, which nevertheless affords them their creature comforts and a stable livelihood. These men he interviews are not the SS officers in Indiana Jones movies or which you gleefully murder in Wolfenstein. These are sons of farmers, they are tailors, teachers, and, yes, police officers. And almost the entire book is dedicated to conversations with them which reveal the cognitive-dissonance and contradictions that their history as German citizens who became members of the Nazi party, who now have the vantage of looking back on that period, and who now can attempt some kind of diagnosis of themselves and German people in general.
It is a challenging and complex read, and maybe more than it really needs to be. It is not so much a book of facts, but of mythology and psychology. The author is a good writer, but his depiction of the material context of the lives of these German men, these Nazis, is less sweeping than the emotional and symbolic realm in which “the German, and the German Spirit” emerge. As you read the interviews, it’s worth wondering if these men are being read as psychological subjects by Meyer, or if they are weaponizing psychology to appear to Meyer a certain way. This ambiguity creates a constant sense of tension as you read. Meyer’s ten Nazi friends are contradictions in so many novelistic ways that I think there is a serious danger in Meyer’s rendering of these men that lets his readers take them perhaps too easily at their word.
Defeated and proud, socially insignificant but also the very atomic element of society, ignorant but still deeply knowing… In the ambiguity created by this kind of contradiction, there is ample material here, in the little lives of these ten ordinary Nazis, to examine as if they were characters in a realistic novel. I kept thinking about this as I read: how easy it would be to accept realism as a kind of mythology to shortcut understanding, and begin, horrifyingly, to sympathize with these guys. This is definitely the aim of Meyer’s book, to show that these people were and are a lot more relatable than is comforting to admit.
I do believe Meyer is exploiting this instinct in readers like myself as a bit of rhetoric, and it’s really up in the air whether that is a moral thing to do as an author dealing with as subject like this. Though I am personally not going to criticize him one way or another. It’s clever, and compelling, and I’m not all that interested in if it’s a “good” thing he did this or not.
The narrative device which grounds all of these interviews is a historical moment in their town in the late 30s, if I remember, when in the middle of the night a synagogue “caught fire” and was allowed to burn. Each of the interviewees lived in the town at that time, and has lived there until the publication of this book in the 50s. So around this event Meyer explores how these people remember Germany before, during, and after Hitler. He gets them to reflect on what they did and what they did not do. He asks them how it is they justify their decisions to themselves. And through these conversations there are so many moments of irony that you really must be alert to, lest you buy the guilt-ridden Nazi line too hard.
Many of these men lived their lives as members of the party happy to hold steady employment, receive vacation time, to be able to buy the things they wanted to buy themselves and their family. And nearly every single one of them, twenty years on or so, state over and over that very few of them (most of them included) had very little against Jewish people. Most of them, they say, had no idea what was happening, beyond unpleasant rumors which no one liked to talk about in the first place. Very few of Meyer’s Nazi friends claim to have known many Jewish people at all. So it is unfair of Meyer, some of them suggest, to paint the decisions they made as members of the Nazi party like it was a choice between refusing an injustice or helping to perpetuate it, because the fact of the holocaust was not at that time a fact they could reasonably entertain. All that the Nazi party gave them was too much to trade for a mere possibility, they say.
If it’s fair to suspect this willingness to compromise, to look the other way, to chose ignorance when it cannot be feigned, to participate in a calculus of death, as something not endemic to Germans in the 30s, then this is easily the most harrowing thing about Meyer’s book.
I’ve seen a lot of people online pick this book up after the 2016 election, leaving reviews that say more or less “this is the book of our times, truly.” But I think if someone stops short of interpreting this thing as an analogy of Hitler:Trump, they have made a grave analytical error in their reading. It’s greatest takeaway is that dictatorships in industrialized economies can buy the willing support of its populace relatively cheaply, without much violence or resistance, letting fascism become commonplace and evil invisible in exchange for a stable pay cheque, vacation time, cultural belonging, and other comforts.
The last third of the book, titled The Germans, I ended up skipping past because it left behind narrative and became totally occupied creating a theory of the fascist subject by wielding mythology and sociology a little too casually. But the rest of this book was probably one of the more interesting and moving works of non-fiction I have ever read. It’s a difficult recommendation to make, but this has been my careful attempt!